The display resolution of a digital television, computer monitor or display device is the number of distinct pixels
in each dimension that can be displayed. It can be an ambiguous term
especially as the displayed resolution is controlled by different
factors in cathode ray tube (CRT), Flat panel display which includes Liquid crystal displays, or projection displays using fixed picture-element (pixel) arrays.
It is usually quoted as width × height, with the units in pixels: for example, "1024 × 768" means the width is 1024 pixels and the height is 768 pixels. This example would normally be spoken as "ten twenty-four by seven sixty-eight" or "ten twenty-four by seven six eight".
One use of the term “display resolution” applies to fixed-pixel-array displays such as plasma display panels (PDPs), liquid crystal displays (LCDs), digital light processing (DLP) projectors, or similar technologies, and is simply the physical number of columns and rows of pixels creating the display (e.g., 1920 × 1080). A consequence of having a fixed-grid display is that, for multi-format video inputs, all displays need a "scaling engine" (a digital video processor that includes a memory array) to match the incoming picture format to the display.
Note that for broadcast television standards the use of the word resolution here is a misnomer, though common. The term “display resolution” is usually used to mean pixel dimensions, the number of pixels in each dimension (e.g., 1920 × 1080), which does not tell anything about the pixel density of the display on which the image is actually formed: broadcast television resolution properly refers to the pixel density, the number of pixels per unit distance or area, not total number of pixels. In digital measurement, the display resolution would be given in pixels per inch. In analog measurement, if the screen is 10 inches high, then the horizontal resolution is measured across a square 10 inches wide. This is typically stated as "lines horizontal resolution, per picture height;"[1] for example, analog NTSC TVs can typically display about 340 lines of "per picture height" horizontal resolution from over-the-air sources, which is equivalent to about 440 total lines of actual picture information from left edge to right edge.
1080p progressive scan HDTV, which uses a 16:9 ratio.
Some commentators also use display resolution to indicate a range of
input formats that the display's input electronics will accept and often
include formats greater than the screen's native grid size even though
they have to be down-scaled to match the screen's parameters (e.g.,
accepting a 1920 × 1080
input on a display with a native 1366 × 768 pixel array). In the case
of television inputs, many manufacturers will take the input and zoom it
out to "overscan" the display by as much as 5% so input resolution is not necessarily display resolution.
The eye's perception of display resolution can be affected by a number of factors – see image resolution and optical resolution. One factor is the display screen's rectangular shape, which is expressed as the ratio of the physical picture width to the physical picture height. This is known as the aspect ratio. A screen's physical aspect ratio and the individual pixels' aspect ratio may not necessarily be the same. An array of 1280 × 720 on a 16:9 display has square pixels, but an array of 1024 × 768 on a 16:9 display has rectangular pixels.
An example of pixel shape affecting "resolution" or perceived sharpness: displaying more information in a smaller area using a higher resolution makes the image much clearer or "sharper". However, most recent screen technologies are fixed at a certain resolution; making the resolution lower on these kinds of screens will greatly decrease sharpness, as an interpolation process is used to "fix" the non-native resolution input into the display's native resolution output.
While some CRT-based displays may use digital video processing that involves image scaling using memory arrays, ultimately "display resolution" in CRT-type displays is affected by different parameters such as spot size and focus, astigmatic effects in the display corners, the color phosphor pitch shadow mask (such as Trinitron) in color displays, and the video bandwidth.
The availability of inexpensive LCD monitors has made the 5:4 aspect ratio resolution of 1280 × 1024 more popular for desktop usage. Many computer users including CAD users, graphic artists and video game players run their computers at 1600 × 1200 resolution (UXGA) or higher if they have the necessary equipment. Other recently available resolutions include oversize aspects like 1400 × 1050 SXGA+ and wide aspects like 1280 × 800 WXGA, 1440x900 WXGA+, 1680 × 1050 WSXGA+, and 1920 × 1200 WUXGA. A new more-than-HD resolution of 2560 × 1600 WQXGA was released in 30" LCD monitors in 2007. In 2010, 27" LCD monitors with the resolution 2560 × 1440 were released by multiple manufacturers including Apple,[4] and in 2012 Apple introduced a 2880 × 1800 display on the MacBook Pro.[5] Panels for professional environments, such as medical use and air traffic control, support resolutions up to 4096 × 2160.[6][7][8]
In recent years the popularity of 16:9 aspect ratios has resulted in more notebook display resolutions adhering to this aspect ratio. 1366 × 768 (HD) has become popular for most notebook sizes, while 1600 × 900 (HD+) and 1920 × 1080 (FHD) are available for larger notebooks.
As far as digital cinematography is concerned, video resolution standards depend first on the frames' aspect ratio in the film stock (which is usually scanned for digital intermediate post-production) and then on the actual points' count. Although there is not a unique set of standardized sizes, it is commonplace within the motion picture industry to refer to "nK" image "quality", where n is a (small, usually even) integer number which translates into a set of actual resolutions, depending on the film format. As a reference consider that, for a 4:3 (around 1.33:1) aspect ratio which a film frame (no matter what is its format) is expected to horizontally fit in, n is the multiplier of 1024 such that the horizontal resolution is exactly 1024·n points. For example, 2K reference resolution is 2048 × 1536 pixels, whereas 4K reference resolution is 4096 × 3072 pixels. Nevertheless, 2K may also refer to resolutions like 2048 × 1556 (full-aperture), 2048 × 1152 (HDTV, 16:9 aspect ratio) or 2048 × 872 pixels (Cinemascope, 2.35:1 aspect ratio). It is also worth noting that while a frame resolution may be, for example, 3:2 (720 × 480 NTSC), that is not what you will see on-screen (i.e. 4:3 or 16:9 depending on the orientation of the rectangular pixels)
It is usually quoted as width × height, with the units in pixels: for example, "1024 × 768" means the width is 1024 pixels and the height is 768 pixels. This example would normally be spoken as "ten twenty-four by seven sixty-eight" or "ten twenty-four by seven six eight".
One use of the term “display resolution” applies to fixed-pixel-array displays such as plasma display panels (PDPs), liquid crystal displays (LCDs), digital light processing (DLP) projectors, or similar technologies, and is simply the physical number of columns and rows of pixels creating the display (e.g., 1920 × 1080). A consequence of having a fixed-grid display is that, for multi-format video inputs, all displays need a "scaling engine" (a digital video processor that includes a memory array) to match the incoming picture format to the display.
Note that for broadcast television standards the use of the word resolution here is a misnomer, though common. The term “display resolution” is usually used to mean pixel dimensions, the number of pixels in each dimension (e.g., 1920 × 1080), which does not tell anything about the pixel density of the display on which the image is actually formed: broadcast television resolution properly refers to the pixel density, the number of pixels per unit distance or area, not total number of pixels. In digital measurement, the display resolution would be given in pixels per inch. In analog measurement, if the screen is 10 inches high, then the horizontal resolution is measured across a square 10 inches wide. This is typically stated as "lines horizontal resolution, per picture height;"[1] for example, analog NTSC TVs can typically display about 340 lines of "per picture height" horizontal resolution from over-the-air sources, which is equivalent to about 440 total lines of actual picture information from left edge to right edge.
Considerations
The eye's perception of display resolution can be affected by a number of factors – see image resolution and optical resolution. One factor is the display screen's rectangular shape, which is expressed as the ratio of the physical picture width to the physical picture height. This is known as the aspect ratio. A screen's physical aspect ratio and the individual pixels' aspect ratio may not necessarily be the same. An array of 1280 × 720 on a 16:9 display has square pixels, but an array of 1024 × 768 on a 16:9 display has rectangular pixels.
An example of pixel shape affecting "resolution" or perceived sharpness: displaying more information in a smaller area using a higher resolution makes the image much clearer or "sharper". However, most recent screen technologies are fixed at a certain resolution; making the resolution lower on these kinds of screens will greatly decrease sharpness, as an interpolation process is used to "fix" the non-native resolution input into the display's native resolution output.
While some CRT-based displays may use digital video processing that involves image scaling using memory arrays, ultimately "display resolution" in CRT-type displays is affected by different parameters such as spot size and focus, astigmatic effects in the display corners, the color phosphor pitch shadow mask (such as Trinitron) in color displays, and the video bandwidth.
Current standards
Further information: List of common resolutions
Televisions
Televisions are of the following resolutions:- Standard-definition television (SDTV):
- 480i (NTSC standard uses an analog system of 486i split into two interlaced fields of 243 lines)
- 576i (PAL, 720 × 576 split into two interlaced fields of 288 lines)
- Enhanced-definition television (EDTV):
- 480p (720 × 480 progressive scan)
- 576p (720 × 576 progressive scan)
- High-definition television (HDTV):
- Ultra-high-definition television (UHDTV)
Computer monitors
Further information: Computer display standard
Computer monitors have higher resolutions than most televisions. As of July 2002, 1024 × 768 Extended Graphics Array was the most common display resolution.[2][3]
Many web sites and multimedia products were re-designed from the
previous 800 × 600 format to the layouts optimized for 1024 × 768.The availability of inexpensive LCD monitors has made the 5:4 aspect ratio resolution of 1280 × 1024 more popular for desktop usage. Many computer users including CAD users, graphic artists and video game players run their computers at 1600 × 1200 resolution (UXGA) or higher if they have the necessary equipment. Other recently available resolutions include oversize aspects like 1400 × 1050 SXGA+ and wide aspects like 1280 × 800 WXGA, 1440x900 WXGA+, 1680 × 1050 WSXGA+, and 1920 × 1200 WUXGA. A new more-than-HD resolution of 2560 × 1600 WQXGA was released in 30" LCD monitors in 2007. In 2010, 27" LCD monitors with the resolution 2560 × 1440 were released by multiple manufacturers including Apple,[4] and in 2012 Apple introduced a 2880 × 1800 display on the MacBook Pro.[5] Panels for professional environments, such as medical use and air traffic control, support resolutions up to 4096 × 2160.[6][7][8]
| Acronym | Aspect ratio | Width (px) | Height (px) | % of Steam users | % of web users |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VGA | 4:3 | 640 | 480 | 00.02 | n/a |
| SVGA | 4:3 | 800 | 600 | 00.17 | 01.03 |
| WSVGA | 17:10 | 1024 | 600 | 00.31 | 02.25 |
| XGA | 4:3 | 1024 | 768 | 05.53 | 18.69 |
| XGA+ | 4:3 | 1152 | 864 | 00.87 | 01.55 |
| WXGA | 16:9 | 1280 | 720 | 01.51 | 01.54 |
| WXGA | 5:3 | 1280 | 768 | n/a | 01.54 |
| WXGA | 16:10 | 1280 | 800 | 04.25 | 12.97 |
| SXGA– (UVGA) | 4:3 | 1280 | 960 | 00.72 | 00.72 |
| SXGA | 5:4 | 1280 | 1024 | 10.66 | 07.49 |
| HD | ~16:9 | 1360 | 768 | 02.36 | 02.28 |
| HD | ~16:9 | 1366 | 768 | 17.19 | 19.14 |
| SXGA+ | 4:3 | 1400 | 1050 | 00.18 | n/a |
| WXGA+ | 16:10 | 1440 | 900 | 07.60 | 06.61 |
| HD+ | 16:9 | 1600 | 900 | 06.82 | 03.82 |
| UXGA | 4:3 | 1600 | 1200 | 00.53 | n/a |
| WSXGA+ | 16:10 | 1680 | 1050 | 10.26 | 03.66 |
| FHD | 16:9 | 1920 | 1080 | 25.04 | 05.09 |
| WUXGA | 16:10 | 1920 | 1200 | 03.65 | 01.11 |
| QWXGA | 16:9 | 2048 | 1152 | 00.13 | n/a |
| WQHD | 16:9 | 2560 | 1440 | 00.72 | 00.36 |
| WQXGA | 16:10 | 2560 | 1600 | 00.19 | n/a |
| 3:4 | 768 | 1024 | n/a | 01.93 | |
| 16:9 | 1093 | 614 | n/a | 00.63 | |
| ~16:9 | 1311 | 737 | n/a | 00.35 | |
| Other | 01.29 | 07.25 |
- Notes
- The Steam user statistics were gathered from users of the Steam network in its hardware survey of May 2012.[9]
- The web user statistics were gathered from visitors to three million websites, normalised to counteract geolocational bias. Covers the five month period from January to May 2012.[10]
- The numbers are not representative of computer users in general.
In recent years the popularity of 16:9 aspect ratios has resulted in more notebook display resolutions adhering to this aspect ratio. 1366 × 768 (HD) has become popular for most notebook sizes, while 1600 × 900 (HD+) and 1920 × 1080 (FHD) are available for larger notebooks.
As far as digital cinematography is concerned, video resolution standards depend first on the frames' aspect ratio in the film stock (which is usually scanned for digital intermediate post-production) and then on the actual points' count. Although there is not a unique set of standardized sizes, it is commonplace within the motion picture industry to refer to "nK" image "quality", where n is a (small, usually even) integer number which translates into a set of actual resolutions, depending on the film format. As a reference consider that, for a 4:3 (around 1.33:1) aspect ratio which a film frame (no matter what is its format) is expected to horizontally fit in, n is the multiplier of 1024 such that the horizontal resolution is exactly 1024·n points. For example, 2K reference resolution is 2048 × 1536 pixels, whereas 4K reference resolution is 4096 × 3072 pixels. Nevertheless, 2K may also refer to resolutions like 2048 × 1556 (full-aperture), 2048 × 1152 (HDTV, 16:9 aspect ratio) or 2048 × 872 pixels (Cinemascope, 2.35:1 aspect ratio). It is also worth noting that while a frame resolution may be, for example, 3:2 (720 × 480 NTSC), that is not what you will see on-screen (i.e. 4:3 or 16:9 depending on the orientation of the rectangular pixels)
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